all apocalypses. All the apocalypses, however, involve a transcendent eschatology that looks for retribution beyond the bounds of history. In some cases (3 Baruch, Apocalypse of Zephaniah) this takes the form of the judgment of individuals after death, without reference to the end of history. We should bear in mind that retribution after death is also a crucial component in a “historical” apocalypse like Daniel and constitutes a major difference from the eschatology of the prophets.40 The fact that